Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State: 2024
State Census Code	State	Sector	Obs	Employment (in 1000s)	Members (in 1000s)	Covered (in 1000s)	% Mem	% Cov
63	Alabama	Total	2,347	2,115	140	165	6.6%	7.8%
63	Alabama	Public	373	319	61	73	19.2%	22.9%
63	Alabama	Private	1,974	1,796	79	92	4.4%	5.1%
63	Alabama	Priv. Manufacturing	349	327	29	32	8.9%	9.7%
63	Alabama	Priv. Construction	166	143	10	11	6.8%	7.3%
94	Alaska	Total	1,380	300	53	58	17.6%	19.4%
94	Alaska	Public	347	75	32	36	43.3%	48.2%
94	Alaska	Private	1,033	225	20	22	9.1%	9.8%
94	Alaska	Priv. Manufacturing	35	7	0	0	0.0%	0.0%
94	Alaska	Priv. Construction	84	19	3	3	15.6%	15.6%
86	Arizona	Total	1,913	3,182	118	145	3.7%	4.6%
86	Arizona	Public	270	425	52	69	12.3%	16.3%
86	Arizona	Private	1,643	2,756	66	76	2.4%	2.7%
86	Arizona	Priv. Manufacturing	147	258	6	9	2.3%	3.6%
86	Arizona	Priv. Construction	130	226	8	8	3.6%	3.6%
71	Arkansas	Total	2,197	1,264	45	56	3.6%	4.4%
71	Arkansas	Public	367	210	19	25	9.0%	12.1%
71	Arkansas	Private	1,830	1,054	26	30	2.5%	2.9%
71	Arkansas	Priv. Manufacturing	297	166	6	7	3.6%	4.3%
71	Arkansas	Priv. Construction	130	73	2	2	2.4%	2.4%
93	California	Total	10,784	16,406	2,375	2,671	14.5%	16.3%
93	California	Public	1,696	2,598	1,283	1,391	49.4%	53.5%
93	California	Private	9,088	13,807	1,092	1,280	7.9%	9.3%
93	California	Priv. Manufacturing	879	1,321	63	80	4.7%	6.1%
93	California	Priv. Construction	675	1,037	130	153	12.5%	14.8%
84	Colorado	Total	1,665	2,678	207	215	7.7%	8.0%
84	Colorado	Public	297	466	103	104	22.0%	22.3%
84	Colorado	Private	1,368	2,213	104	111	4.7%	5.0%
84	Colorado	Priv. Manufacturing	87	136	5	5	3.5%	3.5%
84	Colorado	Priv. Construction	125	203	12	12	5.7%	5.7%
16	Connecticut	Total	1,502	1,634	269	291	16.5%	17.8%
16	Connecticut	Public	231	255	156	164	61.2%	64.3%
16	Connecticut	Private	1,271	1,379	113	127	8.2%	9.2%
16	Connecticut	Priv. Manufacturing	171	178	21	21	12.0%	12.0%
16	Connecticut	Priv. Construction	71	78	7	7	8.7%	8.7%
51	Delaware	Total	1,349	431	37	39	8.6%	9.0%
51	Delaware	Public	211	67	25	26	36.6%	39.0%
51	Delaware	Private	1,138	364	12	13	3.4%	3.5%
51	Delaware	Priv. Manufacturing	102	33	1	1	3.4%	3.4%
51	Delaware	Priv. Construction	69	22	1	1	5.3%	5.3%
53	District of Columbia	Total	2,253	362	38	42	10.6%	11.6%
53	District of Columbia	Public	635	100	21	24	21.1%	24.0%
53	District of Columbia	Private	1,618	263	17	18	6.6%	7.0%
53	District of Columbia	Priv. Manufacturing	33	5	1	1	13.2%	13.2%
53	District of Columbia	Priv. Construction	40	7	1	1	20.6%	20.6%
59	Florida	Total	5,401	9,086	462	569	5.1%	6.3%
59	Florida	Public	638	1,070	246	290	23.0%	27.1%
59	Florida	Private	4,763	8,017	216	279	2.7%	3.5%
59	Florida	Priv. Manufacturing	290	494	12	16	2.5%	3.2%
59	Florida	Priv. Construction	412	689	11	18	1.6%	2.6%
58	Georgia	Total	2,639	4,622	175	204	3.8%	4.4%
58	Georgia	Public	390	665	86	100	12.9%	15.1%
58	Georgia	Private	2,249	3,957	89	104	2.2%	2.6%
58	Georgia	Priv. Manufacturing	256	440	3	5	0.7%	1.0%
58	Georgia	Priv. Construction	160	280	5	5	1.7%	1.7%
95	Hawaii	Total	1,792	555	147	153	26.6%	27.6%
95	Hawaii	Public	451	137	84	86	61.0%	62.5%
95	Hawaii	Private	1,341	418	64	67	15.2%	16.0%
95	Hawaii	Priv. Manufacturing	30	10	1	1	6.0%	10.9%
95	Hawaii	Priv. Construction	108	36	11	11	30.5%	31.7%
82	Idaho	Total	2,373	851	43	50	5.0%	5.9%
82	Idaho	Public	371	132	21	24	16.0%	18.1%
82	Idaho	Private	2,002	719	21	26	3.0%	3.6%
82	Idaho	Priv. Manufacturing	236	86	4	5	4.9%	6.0%
82	Idaho	Priv. Construction	171	60	2	3	3.7%	4.3%
33	Illinois	Total	3,490	5,614	735	799	13.1%	14.2%
33	Illinois	Public	462	728	352	382	48.4%	52.4%
33	Illinois	Private	3,028	4,885	382	417	7.8%	8.5%
33	Illinois	Priv. Manufacturing	424	670	46	47	6.8%	7.0%
33	Illinois	Priv. Construction	145	219	57	59	26.1%	26.8%
32	Indiana	Total	2,065	2,999	270	313	9.0%	10.4%
32	Indiana	Public	273	384	82	107	21.4%	27.8%
32	Indiana	Private	1,792	2,614	188	206	7.2%	7.9%
32	Indiana	Priv. Manufacturing	368	516	50	53	9.7%	10.2%
32	Indiana	Priv. Construction	139	198	37	37	18.7%	18.7%
42	Iowa	Total	1,598	1,438	93	119	6.4%	8.3%
42	Iowa	Public	232	210	41	57	19.6%	27.3%
42	Iowa	Private	1,366	1,228	52	61	4.2%	5.0%
42	Iowa	Priv. Manufacturing	227	200	24	24	11.8%	12.2%
42	Iowa	Priv. Construction	103	93	7	10	7.6%	10.6%
47	Kansas	Total	1,655	1,308	83	106	6.4%	8.1%
47	Kansas	Public	303	235	40	55	17.1%	23.2%
47	Kansas	Private	1,352	1,073	43	51	4.0%	4.8%
47	Kansas	Priv. Manufacturing	214	168	24	26	14.0%	15.2%
47	Kansas	Priv. Construction	95	77	3	3	4.2%	4.2%
61	Kentucky	Total	1,209	1,763	156	198	8.8%	11.2%
61	Kentucky	Public	155	222	38	52	17.2%	23.4%
61	Kentucky	Private	1,054	1,541	118	146	7.6%	9.5%
61	Kentucky	Priv. Manufacturing	162	231	33	35	14.1%	15.2%
61	Kentucky	Priv. Construction	57	82	10	12	12.5%	15.1%
72	Louisiana	Total	2,420	1,742	68	86	3.9%	4.9%
72	Louisiana	Public	410	292	34	43	11.7%	14.6%
72	Louisiana	Private	2,010	1,450	34	43	2.4%	3.0%
72	Louisiana	Priv. Manufacturing	194	140	9	9	6.8%	6.8%
72	Louisiana	Priv. Construction	161	115	4	5	3.2%	4.2%
11	Maine	Total	900	585	76	89	13.1%	15.2%
11	Maine	Public	144	89	39	46	43.6%	51.5%
11	Maine	Private	756	497	38	43	7.6%	8.7%
11	Maine	Priv. Manufacturing	70	48	6	7	13.4%	14.9%
11	Maine	Priv. Construction	40	27	2	2	7.0%	7.0%
52	Maryland	Total	1,574	2,853	324	381	11.4%	13.4%
52	Maryland	Public	410	742	214	246	28.8%	33.1%
52	Maryland	Private	1,164	2,112	111	135	5.2%	6.4%
52	Maryland	Priv. Manufacturing	62	116	9	9	8.2%	8.2%
52	Maryland	Priv. Construction	103	180	18	22	9.8%	12.1%
14	Massachusetts	Total	3,107	3,399	495	530	14.6%	15.6%
14	Massachusetts	Public	425	450	266	279	59.2%	61.9%
14	Massachusetts	Private	2,682	2,948	228	251	7.7%	8.5%
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Manufacturing	279	307	13	14	4.3%	4.7%
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Construction	172	201	33	39	16.6%	19.6%
34	Michigan	Total	2,751	4,348	581	639	13.4%	14.7%
34	Michigan	Public	302	472	178	199	37.7%	42.2%
34	Michigan	Private	2,449	3,876	402	440	10.4%	11.3%
34	Michigan	Priv. Manufacturing	562	886	167	176	18.8%	19.9%
34	Michigan	Priv. Construction	132	207	47	49	22.9%	23.4%
41	Minnesota	Total	1,857	2,666	377	391	14.1%	14.7%
41	Minnesota	Public	251	353	179	186	50.9%	52.8%
41	Minnesota	Private	1,606	2,314	198	205	8.6%	8.9%
41	Minnesota	Priv. Manufacturing	264	373	33	35	8.7%	9.4%
41	Minnesota	Priv. Construction	107	153	32	32	20.9%	20.9%
64	Mississippi	Total	1,913	1,130	59	90	5.2%	7.9%
64	Mississippi	Public	356	210	20	29	9.7%	13.8%
64	Mississippi	Private	1,557	920	39	61	4.2%	6.6%
64	Mississippi	Priv. Manufacturing	253	148	13	22	8.8%	14.6%
64	Mississippi	Priv. Construction	124	74	3	5	4.1%	7.1%
43	Missouri	Total	1,887	2,737	233	254	8.5%	9.3%
43	Missouri	Public	278	411	85	96	20.7%	23.4%
43	Missouri	Private	1,609	2,326	148	158	6.4%	6.8%
43	Missouri	Priv. Manufacturing	232	333	44	44	13.2%	13.2%
43	Missouri	Priv. Construction	106	151	36	36	23.8%	23.8%
81	Montana	Total	2,143	474	56	62	11.9%	13.0%
81	Montana	Public	384	82	30	33	37.2%	40.9%
81	Montana	Private	1,759	392	26	28	6.6%	7.2%
81	Montana	Priv. Manufacturing	108	24	3	3	11.7%	12.7%
81	Montana	Priv. Construction	140	31	2	3	7.9%	8.7%
46	Nebraska	Total	1,721	913	62	74	6.8%	8.1%
46	Nebraska	Public	262	133	38	43	28.3%	32.0%
46	Nebraska	Private	1,459	780	25	32	3.1%	4.1%
46	Nebraska	Priv. Manufacturing	193	104	7	8	6.4%	8.1%
46	Nebraska	Priv. Construction	85	47	3	4	6.5%	8.6%
88	Nevada	Total	1,785	1,366	165	182	12.1%	13.3%
88	Nevada	Public	240	184	59	64	31.8%	34.9%
88	Nevada	Private	1,545	1,182	106	118	9.0%	10.0%
88	Nevada	Priv. Manufacturing	127	97	2	3	2.3%	2.8%
88	Nevada	Priv. Construction	143	108	13	14	12.2%	13.3%
12	New Hampshire	Total	1,684	678	62	72	9.2%	10.7%
12	New Hampshire	Public	235	90	35	42	38.6%	46.4%
12	New Hampshire	Private	1,449	587	27	30	4.7%	5.2%
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Manufacturing	227	90	2	2	1.7%	2.5%
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Construction	86	35	6	6	17.4%	18.3%
22	New Jersey	Total	2,475	4,196	680	728	16.2%	17.3%
22	New Jersey	Public	334	552	327	343	59.3%	62.1%
22	New Jersey	Private	2,141	3,644	353	385	9.7%	10.6%
22	New Jersey	Priv. Manufacturing	212	362	20	22	5.5%	6.1%
22	New Jersey	Priv. Construction	133	223	35	35	15.6%	15.6%
85	New Mexico	Total	1,794	835	63	73	7.5%	8.8%
85	New Mexico	Public	472	219	37	44	16.9%	20.0%
85	New Mexico	Private	1,322	616	26	29	4.2%	4.8%
85	New Mexico	Priv. Manufacturing	111	53	2	2	3.9%	3.9%
85	New Mexico	Priv. Construction	120	56	3	5	6.2%	8.3%
21	New York	Total	4,672	8,276	1,706	1,815	20.6%	21.9%
21	New York	Public	819	1,421	925	973	65.1%	68.5%
21	New York	Private	3,853	6,855	781	843	11.4%	12.3%
21	New York	Priv. Manufacturing	221	376	54	61	14.3%	16.3%
21	New York	Priv. Construction	269	490	101	105	20.7%	21.4%
56	North Carolina	Total	2,966	4,551	108	141	2.4%	3.1%
56	North Carolina	Public	400	613	44	53	7.2%	8.7%
56	North Carolina	Private	2,566	3,938	64	88	1.6%	2.2%
56	North Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	352	537	6	10	1.1%	2.0%
56	North Carolina	Priv. Construction	250	372	5	5	1.5%	1.5%
44	North Dakota	Total	1,954	366	18	23	5.0%	6.2%
44	North Dakota	Public	346	63	8	10	12.5%	15.6%
44	North Dakota	Private	1,608	303	10	13	3.4%	4.3%
44	North Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	174	34	1	1	3.2%	3.7%
44	North Dakota	Priv. Construction	119	22	2	2	8.1%	8.1%
31	Ohio	Total	3,185	5,147	621	686	12.1%	13.3%
31	Ohio	Public	435	692	270	302	39.0%	43.7%
31	Ohio	Private	2,750	4,455	352	384	7.9%	8.6%
31	Ohio	Priv. Manufacturing	469	741	95	98	12.8%	13.2%
31	Ohio	Priv. Construction	145	230	60	60	26.2%	26.2%
73	Oklahoma	Total	1,806	1,711	92	106	5.4%	6.2%
73	Oklahoma	Public	400	356	57	68	16.1%	19.1%
73	Oklahoma	Private	1,406	1,355	34	38	2.5%	2.8%
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Manufacturing	175	169	5	5	2.7%	3.1%
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Construction	99	96	4	6	4.6%	6.6%
92	Oregon	Total	1,953	1,840	293	322	15.9%	17.5%
92	Oregon	Public	310	286	142	158	49.6%	55.4%
92	Oregon	Private	1,643	1,554	151	164	9.7%	10.6%
92	Oregon	Priv. Manufacturing	206	192	9	10	4.8%	5.4%
92	Oregon	Priv. Construction	132	130	19	20	14.7%	15.3%
23	Pennsylvania	Total	3,492	5,709	667	709	11.7%	12.4%
23	Pennsylvania	Public	407	670	322	342	48.1%	51.1%
23	Pennsylvania	Private	3,085	5,039	345	366	6.8%	7.3%
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Manufacturing	403	639	66	67	10.3%	10.5%
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Construction	172	284	47	47	16.6%	16.6%
15	Rhode Island	Total	1,123	500	72	76	14.4%	15.3%
15	Rhode Island	Public	156	66	36	37	53.6%	55.0%
15	Rhode Island	Private	967	434	37	40	8.5%	9.2%
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Manufacturing	97	45	1	2	2.7%	4.0%
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Construction	56	26	4	5	15.7%	17.9%
57	South Carolina	Total	2,051	2,163	61	89	2.8%	4.1%
57	South Carolina	Public	334	355	34	46	9.6%	13.1%
57	South Carolina	Private	1,717	1,808	27	43	1.5%	2.4%
57	South Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	262	292	5	6	1.6%	2.2%
57	South Carolina	Priv. Construction	121	129	0	0	0.0%	0.0%
45	South Dakota	Total	1,607	431	12	16	2.7%	3.7%
45	South Dakota	Public	218	59	7	8	11.2%	13.8%
45	South Dakota	Private	1,389	372	5	8	1.3%	2.1%
45	South Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	192	51	1	2	2.7%	4.6%
45	South Dakota	Priv. Construction	79	21	0	0	0.0%	0.0%
62	Tennessee	Total	2,267	2,924	136	163	4.6%	5.6%
62	Tennessee	Public	358	443	57	74	12.9%	16.8%
62	Tennessee	Private	1,909	2,482	78	89	3.2%	3.6%
62	Tennessee	Priv. Manufacturing	282	349	16	18	4.5%	5.3%
62	Tennessee	Priv. Construction	149	191	8	10	4.3%	5.1%
74	Texas	Total	7,762	13,345	602	715	4.5%	5.4%
74	Texas	Public	1,094	1,881	293	342	15.6%	18.2%
74	Texas	Private	6,668	11,465	309	373	2.7%	3.2%
74	Texas	Priv. Manufacturing	716	1,216	60	74	5.0%	6.0%
74	Texas	Priv. Construction	602	1,046	22	24	2.1%	2.3%
87	Utah	Total	2,325	1,558	58	122	3.7%	7.8%
87	Utah	Public	406	269	31	51	11.5%	18.9%
87	Utah	Private	1,919	1,289	27	71	2.1%	5.5%
87	Utah	Priv. Manufacturing	226	151	1	8	0.4%	5.6%
87	Utah	Priv. Construction	162	108	8	13	7.6%	11.6%
13	Vermont	Total	1,761	297	42	47	14.3%	15.8%
13	Vermont	Public	312	52	23	25	43.9%	47.4%
13	Vermont	Private	1,449	245	20	22	8.0%	9.1%
13	Vermont	Priv. Manufacturing	179	29	1	1	4.0%	4.0%
13	Vermont	Priv. Construction	84	14	0	0	1.9%	1.9%
54	Virginia	Total	2,451	3,995	208	230	5.2%	5.8%
54	Virginia	Public	543	880	123	135	14.0%	15.3%
54	Virginia	Private	1,908	3,115	85	96	2.7%	3.1%
54	Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	170	271	18	18	6.6%	6.6%
54	Virginia	Priv. Construction	133	214	10	12	4.8%	5.7%
91	Washington	Total	2,429	3,437	548	628	15.9%	18.3%
91	Washington	Public	424	600	262	309	43.7%	51.6%
91	Washington	Private	2,005	2,837	286	318	10.1%	11.2%
91	Washington	Priv. Manufacturing	237	338	83	87	24.6%	25.6%
91	Washington	Priv. Construction	111	154	31	32	20.2%	21.0%
55	West Virginia	Total	2,388	698	61	70	8.7%	10.0%
55	West Virginia	Public	475	133	30	33	22.6%	24.8%
55	West Virginia	Private	1,913	565	31	37	5.5%	6.5%
55	West Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	207	61	8	9	13.3%	14.2%
55	West Virginia	Priv. Construction	152	43	5	5	11.3%	12.2%
35	Wisconsin	Total	2,011	2,817	180	196	6.4%	7.0%
35	Wisconsin	Public	248	343	62	68	18.1%	19.7%
35	Wisconsin	Private	1,763	2,473	118	129	4.8%	5.2%
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Manufacturing	370	511	36	36	7.1%	7.1%
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Construction	111	152	32	34	20.8%	22.5%
83	Wyoming	Total	1,760	250	14	17	5.6%	6.7%
83	Wyoming	Public	457	62	7	8	10.9%	13.5%
83	Wyoming	Private	1,303	187	7	8	3.8%	4.5%
83	Wyoming	Priv. Manufacturing	79	12	0	1	3.8%	6.0%
83	Wyoming	Priv. Construction	110	16	1	1	5.2%	5.2%
Copyright 2025 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even.  The use of this data requires citation.