| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Wholesale and Retail Trade Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 7,828 | $3.14 | 0.1% | $3.77 | $3.06 | 23.3% | 20.5% |
| 1974 | 7,432 | $3.39 | 0.1% | $4.20 | $3.28 | 27.9% | 21.5% |
| 1975 | 7,657 | $3.61 | 0.1% | $4.55 | $3.50 | 30.0% | 23.8% |
| 1976 | 7,688 | $3.93 | 0.2% | $4.94 | $3.81 | 29.8% | 25.3% |
| 1977 | 9,621 | $4.16 | 0.2% | $5.40 | $4.00 | 34.9% | 32.5% |
| 1978 | 9,136 | $4.43 | 0.3% | $5.73 | $4.30 | 33.4% | 31.8% |
| 1979 | 8,651 | $5.16 | 0.3% | $6.27 | $5.02 | 25.0% | 20.5% |
| 1980 | 10,825 | $5.54 | 0.5% | $6.77 | $5.39 | 25.5% | 22.0% |
| 1981 | 2,547 | $5.40 | 0.3% | $7.45 | $5.18 | 43.7% | 28.1% |
| 1983 | 31,281 | $6.04 | 1.0% | $8.10 | $5.84 | 38.8% | 33.3% |
| 1984 | 31,655 | $6.12 | 1.2% | $8.15 | $5.94 | 37.1% | 33.7% |
| 1985 | 32,360 | $6.36 | 1.3% | $8.34 | $6.21 | 34.3% | 30.9% |
| 1986 | 33,129 | $6.58 | 1.6% | $8.40 | $6.44 | 30.5% | 27.7% |
| 1987 | 32,587 | $6.84 | 1.8% | $8.76 | $6.69 | 30.9% | 25.6% |
| 1988 | 30,774 | $7.05 | 2.0% | $9.01 | $6.90 | 30.4% | 21.8% |
| 1989 | 31,302 | $7.52 | 0.3% | $9.44 | $7.38 | 27.8% | 23.2% |
| 1990 | 32,596 | $7.94 | 0.4% | $9.70 | $7.82 | 24.0% | 20.9% |
| 1991 | 31,612 | $8.21 | 0.4% | $9.83 | $8.10 | 21.5% | 19.9% |
| 1992 | 31,457 | $8.40 | 0.4% | $10.10 | $8.27 | 22.1% | 19.7% |
| 1993 | 30,621 | $8.64 | 0.5% | $10.60 | $8.50 | 24.6% | 21.3% |
| 1994 | 34,796 | $9.27 | 0.7% | $10.63 | $9.18 | 15.8% | 19.9% |
| 1995 | 35,069 | $9.56 | 0.7% | $10.98 | $9.47 | 16.0% | 20.0% |
| 1996 | 24,853 | $9.44 | 0.6% | $10.84 | $9.36 | 15.8% | 16.4% |
| 1997 | 24,829 | $9.88 | 0.8% | $11.10 | $9.80 | 13.2% | 15.2% |
| 1998 | 24,965 | $10.34 | 0.3% | $11.82 | $10.25 | 15.3% | 14.3% |
| 1999 | 23,893 | $10.97 | 0.4% | $12.18 | $10.91 | 11.6% | 13.2% |
| 2000 | 23,334 | $11.46 | 0.4% | $12.44 | $11.41 | 9.1% | 14.6% |
| 2001 | 24,241 | $12.10 | 0.6% | $13.44 | $12.03 | 11.7% | 11.3% |
| 2002 | 26,399 | $12.52 | 0.6% | $13.59 | $12.47 | 9.0% | 12.8% |
| 2003 | 18,414 | $13.97 | 0.7% | $13.79 | $13.98 | -1.4% | 12.7% |
| 2004 | 18,378 | $14.43 | 0.8% | $14.66 | $14.41 | 1.7% | 15.4% |
| 2005 | 18,562 | $15.01 | 1.1% | $14.95 | $15.01 | -0.4% | 11.8% |
| 2006 | 18,299 | $15.14 | 1.0% | $14.96 | $15.15 | -1.3% | 12.5% |
| 2007 | 17,887 | $15.68 | 1.3% | $16.10 | $15.66 | 2.8% | 10.9% |
| 2008 | 17,510 | $16.15 | 1.3% | $15.63 | $16.18 | -3.4% | 8.9% |
| 2009 | 16,979 | $16.19 | 1.3% | $15.78 | $16.22 | -2.7% | 9.1% |
| 2010 | 16,184 | $16.04 | 1.1% | $16.38 | $16.02 | 2.3% | 11.7% |
| 2011 | 15,479 | $16.43 | 1.4% | $15.39 | $16.49 | -6.7% | 6.1% |
| 2012 | 15,680 | $17.03 | 1.6% | $16.17 | $17.08 | -5.3% | 6.4% |
| 2013 | 14,987 | $17.02 | 1.7% | $17.17 | $17.02 | 0.9% | 5.5% |
| 2014 | 14,675 | $17.38 | 1.7% | $15.71 | $17.46 | -10.0% | 5.5% |
| 2015 | 14,257 | $17.87 | 1.8% | $17.24 | $17.91 | -3.7% | 10.8% |
| 2016 | 14,160 | $19.05 | 2.4% | $17.19 | $19.14 | -10.2% | 7.4% |
| 2017 | 13,844 | $19.52 | 2.4% | $17.88 | $19.60 | -8.8% | 6.4% |
| 2018 | 13,210 | $20.44 | 2.6% | $19.95 | $20.47 | -2.5% | 6.4% |
| 2019 | 12,217 | $21.45 | 3.0% | $19.71 | $21.53 | -8.5% | 3.0% |
| 2020 | 11,151 | $22.64 | 3.3% | $20.11 | $22.77 | -11.7% | 3.3% |
| 2021 | 11,078 | $24.16 | 3.9% | $20.04 | $24.37 | -17.7% | -4.2% |
| 2022 | 10,612 | $25.89 | 4.4% | $21.21 | $26.11 | -18.8% | -0.2% |
| 2023 | 10,321 | $27.69 | 3.2% | $24.41 | $27.84 | -12.3% | 4.3% |
| Copyright 2024 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. The use of this data requires citation. | |||||||