Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment:
White Female Workers
Year	Sample Size	Wage	At Cap	Union Wage	Nonunion Wage	Unadjusted Union Wage Prem.	Adjusted Union Wage Prem.
1973	14,393	$3.03	0.0%	$3.50	$2.95	18.4%	16.4%
1974	13,888	$3.26	0.0%	$3.95	$3.16	25.1%	17.8%
1975	14,036	$3.55	0.0%	$4.38	$3.43	27.7%	19.3%
1976	14,286	$3.82	0.0%	$4.64	$3.70	25.1%	18.5%
1977	17,815	$4.04	0.0%	$5.12	$3.85	32.7%	20.2%
1978	17,241	$4.32	0.0%	$5.50	$4.12	33.6%	19.4%
1979	16,709	$4.94	0.0%	$5.86	$4.76	23.2%	16.4%
1980	21,481	$5.38	0.1%	$6.37	$5.20	22.4%	15.3%
1981	4,986	$5.52	0.1%	$6.99	$5.29	32.2%	19.6%
1983	61,166	$6.48	0.2%	$8.31	$6.19	34.3%	19.4%
1984	61,705	$6.75	0.4%	$8.72	$6.46	35.1%	20.3%
1985	63,250	$7.11	0.6%	$9.16	$6.82	34.3%	19.9%
1986	65,740	$7.43	0.7%	$9.58	$7.13	34.3%	20.2%
1987	64,748	$7.78	0.9%	$10.16	$7.46	36.3%	19.9%
1988	61,610	$8.16	1.1%	$10.70	$7.82	36.9%	19.0%
1989	62,752	$8.77	0.1%	$11.38	$8.41	35.3%	19.5%
1990	65,656	$9.23	0.1%	$12.03	$8.85	35.9%	18.9%
1991	63,976	$9.70	0.2%	$12.50	$9.33	34.0%	16.9%
1992	63,046	$10.12	0.3%	$13.02	$9.73	33.8%	17.2%
1993	61,656	$10.49	0.3%	$13.56	$10.06	34.8%	17.8%
1994	69,742	$10.98	0.5%	$14.35	$10.51	36.5%	20.0%
1995	68,709	$11.20	0.5%	$14.52	$10.77	34.8%	19.9%
1996	49,732	$11.56	0.5%	$15.21	$11.07	37.4%	19.4%
1997	50,653	$11.98	0.7%	$15.73	$11.50	36.9%	18.8%
1998	50,171	$12.52	0.2%	$16.08	$12.07	33.2%	18.4%
1999	48,391	$13.14	0.2%	$16.97	$12.63	34.4%	18.5%
2000	47,212	$13.76	0.3%	$17.33	$13.29	30.4%	16.3%
2001	49,648	$14.57	0.4%	$18.11	$14.11	28.4%	17.4%
2002	54,441	$15.12	0.5%	$18.90	$14.62	29.3%	15.5%
2003	51,977	$15.55	0.4%	$19.24	$15.06	27.7%	15.0%
2004	51,119	$15.96	0.5%	$20.13	$15.42	30.5%	13.8%
2005	51,798	$16.51	0.6%	$20.35	$16.01	27.1%	12.9%
2006	51,078	$17.05	0.7%	$21.01	$16.55	26.9%	14.3%
2007	51,075	$17.66	0.9%	$21.95	$17.10	28.4%	13.5%
2008	50,682	$18.49	0.9%	$22.83	$17.91	27.5%	13.3%
2009	49,873	$18.75	1.0%	$23.42	$18.11	29.3%	13.2%
2010	46,874	$19.07	1.2%	$23.89	$18.42	29.7%	13.3%
2011	45,468	$19.62	1.3%	$24.47	$18.98	28.9%	12.9%
2012	45,561	$19.89	1.4%	$24.70	$19.30	27.9%	12.9%
2013	43,829	$20.17	1.5%	$25.26	$19.55	29.2%	12.2%
2014	42,899	$20.77	1.7%	$25.26	$20.23	24.9%	11.3%
2015	40,772	$21.49	1.9%	$26.26	$20.89	25.7%	11.1%
2016	41,250	$22.09	2.0%	$27.11	$21.48	26.2%	14.4%
2017	40,983	$23.03	2.4%	$27.73	$22.48	23.4%	10.7%
2018	39,496	$23.88	2.6%	$28.56	$23.34	22.4%	11.0%
2019	37,864	$24.57	2.7%	$28.91	$24.07	20.1%	9.3%
2020	33,967	$26.60	3.4%	$30.14	$26.14	15.3%	8.4%
2021	33,122	$27.97	4.0%	$32.24	$27.45	17.4%	6.8%
2022	33,007	$29.52	4.4%	$33.35	$29.10	14.6%	8.7%
2023	32,264	$31.85	3.4%	$35.66	$31.43	13.5%	6.6%
Copyright 2024 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even.  The use of this data requires citation.