| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| State Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1983 | 7,142 | $8.46 | 1.3% | $9.38 | $8.35 | 12.3% | 4.4% |
| 1984 | 7,026 | $8.89 | 1.3% | $9.88 | $8.71 | 13.4% | 5.1% |
| 1985 | 7,158 | $9.57 | 2.1% | $10.63 | $9.29 | 14.4% | 8.2% |
| 1986 | 7,349 | $10.10 | 2.8% | $10.89 | $9.86 | 10.4% | 6.0% |
| 1987 | 7,262 | $10.59 | 3.8% | $11.60 | $10.26 | 13.1% | 5.3% |
| 1988 | 6,993 | $11.20 | 4.7% | $12.68 | $10.77 | 17.8% | 8.8% |
| 1989 | 7,319 | $11.66 | 0.2% | $12.98 | $11.09 | 17.1% | 7.1% |
| 1990 | 7,705 | $12.20 | 0.4% | $13.66 | $11.63 | 17.5% | 8.8% |
| 1991 | 7,580 | $12.78 | 0.7% | $14.15 | $12.29 | 15.1% | 7.8% |
| 1992 | 7,716 | $12.97 | 0.7% | $14.48 | $12.42 | 16.5% | 7.9% |
| 1993 | 7,510 | $13.65 | 0.6% | $15.22 | $12.96 | 17.4% | 9.5% |
| 1994 | 8,639 | $13.85 | 0.8% | $15.65 | $13.04 | 20.0% | 13.5% |
| 1995 | 8,454 | $14.13 | 1.0% | $16.06 | $13.31 | 20.6% | 12.3% |
| 1996 | 6,070 | $14.63 | 1.1% | $16.26 | $14.01 | 16.1% | 9.9% |
| 1997 | 5,957 | $14.92 | 1.0% | $17.08 | $14.35 | 19.0% | 10.8% |
| 1998 | 5,939 | $15.45 | 0.5% | $17.65 | $14.89 | 18.5% | 9.5% |
| 1999 | 5,812 | $16.22 | 0.3% | $18.07 | $15.72 | 15.0% | 9.6% |
| 2000 | 5,801 | $16.77 | 0.4% | $18.54 | $16.47 | 12.6% | 8.8% |
| 2001 | 6,373 | $17.40 | 0.4% | $19.30 | $16.79 | 15.0% | 11.1% |
| 2002 | 6,876 | $18.24 | 0.5% | $19.97 | $17.68 | 12.9% | 8.3% |
| 2003 | 6,464 | $18.70 | 0.6% | $20.40 | $18.22 | 11.9% | 9.7% |
| 2004 | 6,490 | $19.37 | 0.9% | $21.78 | $18.72 | 16.4% | 8.4% |
| 2005 | 6,718 | $19.88 | 0.7% | $21.85 | $19.02 | 14.9% | 7.4% |
| 2006 | 6,799 | $19.92 | 0.8% | $22.33 | $19.34 | 15.4% | 8.5% |
| 2007 | 7,088 | $21.04 | 0.9% | $23.63 | $20.34 | 16.2% | 5.4% |
| 2008 | 6,744 | $21.93 | 1.1% | $24.85 | $21.47 | 15.7% | 9.8% |
| 2009 | 6,941 | $22.00 | 1.2% | $24.69 | $21.44 | 15.1% | 10.0% |
| 2010 | 6,514 | $22.48 | 1.3% | $25.45 | $21.98 | 15.8% | 6.6% |
| 2011 | 6,332 | $22.81 | 1.4% | $26.28 | $22.14 | 18.7% | 10.9% |
| 2012 | 6,317 | $23.15 | 1.6% | $26.30 | $22.32 | 17.9% | 9.1% |
| 2013 | 6,124 | $23.64 | 1.8% | $26.45 | $23.37 | 13.2% | 10.2% |
| 2014 | 5,923 | $24.20 | 1.8% | $26.67 | $23.53 | 13.3% | 5.8% |
| 2015 | 6,297 | $25.02 | 2.1% | $27.51 | $24.63 | 11.7% | 4.9% |
| 2016 | 6,420 | $25.33 | 2.0% | $28.16 | $24.91 | 13.0% | 9.9% |
| 2017 | 6,246 | $26.07 | 2.4% | $29.11 | $25.76 | 13.0% | 6.2% |
| 2018 | 6,048 | $27.11 | 2.9% | $29.77 | $26.85 | 10.9% | 7.6% |
| 2019 | 5,662 | $28.19 | 3.1% | $32.15 | $27.39 | 17.4% | 8.9% |
| 2020 | 5,516 | $29.19 | 2.9% | $32.78 | $28.79 | 13.9% | 9.0% |
| 2021 | 5,174 | $31.54 | 4.1% | $35.37 | $30.14 | 17.3% | 6.0% |
| 2022 | 5,105 | $32.74 | 4.2% | $36.72 | $31.96 | 14.9% | 5.6% |
| 2023 | 5,107 | $34.49 | 2.9% | $37.76 | $34.02 | 11.0% | 4.7% |
| 2024 | 5,267 | $35.40 | 0.5% | $39.66 | $35.02 | 13.2% | 4.5% |
| Beginning in April 2023, the CPS gradually phased in dynamic topcoding that assigned anyone | |||||||
| in the top 3% of the weekly earnings distribution a value that matches the average within the | |||||||
| top 3 percent. The estimate of the percent at the cap excludes those who are assigned a | |||||||
| dynamic top code. By the end of 2024, no earnings are capped at $2885. | |||||||
| Copyright 2025 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. | |||||||