| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Services Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 10,629 | $3.64 | 0.1% | $4.45 | $3.53 | 26.1% | 14.6% |
| 1974 | 10,166 | $3.94 | 0.2% | $5.07 | $3.77 | 34.4% | 18.2% |
| 1975 | 10,654 | $4.31 | 0.3% | $5.35 | $4.15 | 28.9% | 18.0% |
| 1976 | 10,786 | $4.60 | 0.4% | $5.61 | $4.45 | 26.1% | 15.0% |
| 1977 | 13,431 | $4.88 | 0.4% | $6.15 | $4.60 | 33.8% | 15.4% |
| 1978 | 13,018 | $5.15 | 0.4% | $6.32 | $4.90 | 28.8% | 10.9% |
| 1979 | 12,301 | $5.87 | 0.4% | $6.83 | $5.63 | 21.3% | 9.4% |
| 1980 | 15,998 | $6.34 | 0.5% | $7.29 | $6.10 | 19.6% | 9.0% |
| 1981 | 3,661 | $6.34 | 0.7% | $7.80 | $6.03 | 29.4% | 10.2% |
| 1983 | 46,255 | $7.45 | 1.2% | $9.19 | $7.08 | 29.9% | 13.1% |
| 1984 | 46,238 | $7.80 | 1.4% | $9.72 | $7.42 | 31.1% | 14.0% |
| 1985 | 47,586 | $8.26 | 2.0% | $10.24 | $7.88 | 29.9% | 12.9% |
| 1986 | 49,866 | $8.65 | 2.4% | $10.80 | $8.26 | 30.8% | 14.2% |
| 1987 | 49,077 | $9.10 | 3.0% | $11.50 | $8.66 | 32.7% | 13.1% |
| 1988 | 47,173 | $9.63 | 3.7% | $12.36 | $9.14 | 35.3% | 12.7% |
| 1989 | 48,558 | $10.22 | 0.6% | $12.82 | $9.76 | 31.4% | 13.9% |
| 1990 | 51,965 | $10.67 | 0.7% | $13.52 | $10.18 | 32.8% | 15.2% |
| 1991 | 51,595 | $11.21 | 0.9% | $14.11 | $10.72 | 31.6% | 14.1% |
| 1992 | 51,637 | $11.60 | 0.9% | $14.51 | $11.10 | 30.7% | 13.5% |
| 1993 | 50,674 | $11.98 | 1.0% | $15.05 | $11.44 | 31.5% | 14.9% |
| 1994 | 59,660 | $12.63 | 1.3% | $15.82 | $12.08 | 31.0% | 17.2% |
| 1995 | 59,643 | $12.97 | 1.5% | $16.19 | $12.43 | 30.2% | 18.2% |
| 1996 | 42,250 | $13.25 | 1.5% | $16.88 | $12.65 | 33.4% | 18.4% |
| 1997 | 43,562 | $13.73 | 1.8% | $17.37 | $13.14 | 32.2% | 16.0% |
| 1998 | 43,287 | $14.39 | 0.7% | $17.54 | $13.89 | 26.2% | 16.1% |
| 1999 | 42,176 | $15.29 | 0.9% | $18.46 | $14.76 | 25.0% | 14.8% |
| 2000 | 41,681 | $16.01 | 1.0% | $18.82 | $15.56 | 21.0% | 13.5% |
| 2001 | 44,647 | $16.90 | 1.2% | $19.38 | $16.49 | 17.6% | 15.0% |
| 2002 | 49,012 | $17.45 | 1.3% | $20.22 | $16.99 | 19.1% | 13.1% |
| 2003 | 54,347 | $16.71 | 1.2% | $20.45 | $16.18 | 26.4% | 14.9% |
| 2004 | 53,814 | $17.17 | 1.3% | $21.61 | $16.55 | 30.6% | 13.4% |
| 2005 | 54,817 | $17.69 | 1.3% | $21.65 | $17.14 | 26.3% | 12.5% |
| 2006 | 54,728 | $18.39 | 1.5% | $22.18 | $17.86 | 24.2% | 12.6% |
| 2007 | 55,409 | $19.01 | 1.6% | $23.24 | $18.42 | 26.1% | 12.7% |
| 2008 | 55,936 | $19.97 | 1.9% | $24.02 | $19.39 | 23.9% | 13.0% |
| 2009 | 56,318 | $20.26 | 2.1% | $24.38 | $19.66 | 24.0% | 12.5% |
| 2010 | 54,160 | $20.57 | 2.1% | $25.13 | $19.93 | 26.1% | 12.1% |
| 2011 | 53,079 | $20.99 | 2.3% | $25.59 | $20.36 | 25.7% | 12.9% |
| 2012 | 54,016 | $21.41 | 2.6% | $25.89 | $20.84 | 24.2% | 11.9% |
| 2013 | 52,210 | $21.72 | 2.7% | $26.24 | $21.15 | 24.1% | 11.9% |
| 2014 | 51,300 | $22.35 | 2.9% | $26.84 | $21.78 | 23.2% | 12.0% |
| 2015 | 49,671 | $23.22 | 3.2% | $27.58 | $22.64 | 21.8% | 10.4% |
| 2016 | 50,300 | $23.91 | 3.4% | $28.08 | $23.39 | 20.1% | 12.7% |
| 2017 | 49,933 | $24.75 | 3.7% | $28.93 | $24.24 | 19.4% | 11.2% |
| 2018 | 48,339 | $26.01 | 4.3% | $29.78 | $25.54 | 16.6% | 10.5% |
| 2019 | 46,991 | $27.34 | 4.7% | $30.74 | $26.94 | 14.1% | 8.7% |
| 2020 | 41,377 | $29.87 | 5.6% | $32.40 | $29.55 | 9.7% | 7.4% |
| 2021 | 40,762 | $31.32 | 6.2% | $34.47 | $30.94 | 11.4% | 5.3% |
| 2022 | 41,297 | $33.42 | 7.0% | $35.04 | $33.24 | 5.4% | 7.4% |
| 2023 | 40,214 | $35.36 | 5.0% | $37.43 | $35.13 | 6.6% | 4.6% |
| Copyright 2024 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. The use of this data requires citation. | |||||||