| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Private Sector Manufacturing Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 10,728 | $4.16 | 0.1% | $4.16 | $4.16 | 0.2% | 12.7% |
| 1974 | 10,228 | $4.48 | 0.1% | $4.55 | $4.44 | 2.3% | 13.3% |
| 1975 | 9,346 | $4.98 | 0.2% | $4.98 | $4.98 | 0.0% | 13.3% |
| 1976 | 9,605 | $5.19 | 0.2% | $5.33 | $5.12 | 4.1% | 14.9% |
| 1977 | 10,888 | $5.57 | 0.3% | $5.85 | $5.42 | 7.9% | 15.7% |
| 1978 | 10,289 | $6.06 | 0.4% | $6.31 | $5.92 | 6.6% | 16.6% |
| 1979 | 10,731 | $6.78 | 0.6% | $6.84 | $6.75 | 1.2% | 12.7% |
| 1980 | 12,696 | $7.51 | 0.9% | $7.52 | $7.50 | 0.3% | 12.9% |
| 1981 | 2,825 | $7.77 | 0.9% | $8.17 | $7.59 | 7.7% | 14.2% |
| 1983 | 30,402 | $9.06 | 2.2% | $9.28 | $8.98 | 3.3% | 17.8% |
| 1984 | 31,455 | $9.36 | 2.6% | $9.54 | $9.30 | 2.6% | 18.5% |
| 1985 | 31,673 | $9.90 | 3.3% | $10.04 | $9.86 | 1.8% | 19.5% |
| 1986 | 32,304 | $10.33 | 4.1% | $10.37 | $10.31 | 0.6% | 19.7% |
| 1987 | 30,888 | $10.57 | 4.6% | $10.64 | $10.55 | 0.8% | 18.9% |
| 1988 | 28,841 | $11.02 | 5.5% | $10.96 | $11.04 | -0.8% | 17.9% |
| 1989 | 29,153 | $11.35 | 0.5% | $11.60 | $11.28 | 2.8% | 18.7% |
| 1990 | 29,720 | $11.78 | 0.6% | $11.97 | $11.73 | 2.0% | 18.8% |
| 1991 | 28,116 | $12.31 | 0.8% | $12.34 | $12.30 | 0.3% | 17.7% |
| 1992 | 27,059 | $12.58 | 1.0% | $12.80 | $12.52 | 2.2% | 19.6% |
| 1993 | 25,834 | $12.89 | 1.0% | $13.22 | $12.81 | 3.3% | 20.9% |
| 1994 | 29,669 | $13.45 | 1.4% | $13.95 | $13.34 | 4.6% | 24.1% |
| 1995 | 29,164 | $13.86 | 1.6% | $14.25 | $13.78 | 3.5% | 22.6% |
| 1996 | 19,832 | $14.38 | 1.8% | $14.80 | $14.29 | 3.5% | 21.3% |
| 1997 | 20,040 | $14.83 | 2.0% | $15.58 | $14.68 | 6.2% | 22.9% |
| 1998 | 19,435 | $15.36 | 0.6% | $15.60 | $15.32 | 1.9% | 21.2% |
| 1999 | 17,942 | $16.14 | 0.6% | $16.62 | $16.05 | 3.6% | 22.7% |
| 2000 | 17,100 | $16.92 | 0.9% | $16.90 | $16.92 | -0.1% | 20.1% |
| 2001 | 17,028 | $18.02 | 1.0% | $17.58 | $18.09 | -2.8% | 19.4% |
| 2002 | 17,441 | $18.53 | 1.0% | $18.31 | $18.56 | -1.3% | 20.9% |
| 2003 | 15,566 | $18.98 | 1.1% | $18.90 | $19.00 | -0.5% | 20.5% |
| 2004 | 15,076 | $19.49 | 1.4% | $18.71 | $19.60 | -4.5% | 19.1% |
| 2005 | 14,898 | $20.19 | 1.6% | $19.84 | $20.24 | -2.0% | 20.7% |
| 2006 | 14,483 | $20.79 | 1.7% | $20.29 | $20.86 | -2.8% | 19.7% |
| 2007 | 14,301 | $21.43 | 2.0% | $20.78 | $21.51 | -3.4% | 18.0% |
| 2008 | 14,038 | $22.72 | 2.7% | $21.27 | $22.91 | -7.2% | 18.7% |
| 2009 | 12,771 | $23.45 | 2.7% | $21.35 | $23.72 | -10.0% | 14.0% |
| 2010 | 11,786 | $23.51 | 2.9% | $22.26 | $23.66 | -5.9% | 19.6% |
| 2011 | 11,684 | $23.85 | 3.1% | $22.76 | $23.98 | -5.1% | 23.7% |
| 2012 | 12,066 | $24.50 | 3.5% | $23.53 | $24.61 | -4.4% | 21.2% |
| 2013 | 11,725 | $25.28 | 4.0% | $22.82 | $25.56 | -10.7% | 18.2% |
| 2014 | 11,561 | $25.38 | 3.8% | $24.41 | $25.49 | -4.2% | 21.2% |
| 2015 | 10,798 | $26.48 | 4.2% | $24.51 | $26.69 | -8.2% | 17.3% |
| 2016 | 10,978 | $27.73 | 5.1% | $25.29 | $27.98 | -9.6% | 19.7% |
| 2017 | 10,793 | $28.38 | 5.5% | $26.33 | $28.59 | -7.9% | 20.7% |
| 2018 | 10,355 | $29.74 | 5.7% | $27.42 | $29.99 | -8.6% | 22.1% |
| 2019 | 10,167 | $30.48 | 6.1% | $27.22 | $30.80 | -11.6% | 15.7% |
| 2020 | 8,807 | $33.45 | 7.6% | $29.42 | $33.83 | -13.0% | 13.9% |
| 2021 | 8,690 | $35.36 | 8.3% | $29.07 | $35.88 | -19.0% | 13.9% |
| 2022 | 8,620 | $37.65 | 9.6% | $31.59 | $38.20 | -17.3% | 19.1% |
| 2023 | 8,527 | $38.80 | 6.4% | $31.28 | $39.46 | -20.7% | 12.2% |
| Copyright 2024 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. The use of this data requires citation. | |||||||