| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Manufacturing Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 10,807 | $4.17 | 0.1% | $4.17 | $4.16 | 0.1% | 12.8% |
| 1974 | 10,289 | $4.49 | 0.1% | $4.55 | $4.45 | 2.4% | 13.5% |
| 1975 | 9,415 | $4.99 | 0.2% | $4.99 | $4.99 | 0.1% | 13.5% |
| 1976 | 9,653 | $5.20 | 0.2% | $5.33 | $5.12 | 4.0% | 14.9% |
| 1977 | 10,960 | $5.58 | 0.3% | $5.85 | $5.43 | 7.7% | 15.6% |
| 1978 | 10,344 | $6.06 | 0.4% | $6.31 | $5.92 | 6.6% | 16.5% |
| 1979 | 10,810 | $6.79 | 0.6% | $6.85 | $6.76 | 1.2% | 12.7% |
| 1980 | 12,801 | $7.51 | 0.9% | $7.53 | $7.50 | 0.3% | 12.7% |
| 1981 | 2,844 | $7.78 | 0.9% | $8.18 | $7.60 | 7.6% | 14.0% |
| 1983 | 30,703 | $9.08 | 2.2% | $9.30 | $8.99 | 3.4% | 17.7% |
| 1984 | 31,732 | $9.37 | 2.6% | $9.56 | $9.31 | 2.8% | 18.5% |
| 1985 | 31,923 | $9.91 | 3.3% | $10.05 | $9.86 | 1.9% | 19.4% |
| 1986 | 32,528 | $10.34 | 4.1% | $10.39 | $10.32 | 0.7% | 19.6% |
| 1987 | 31,104 | $10.58 | 4.6% | $10.66 | $10.56 | 0.9% | 18.7% |
| 1988 | 29,033 | $11.03 | 5.5% | $10.97 | $11.05 | -0.7% | 17.9% |
| 1989 | 29,350 | $11.35 | 0.5% | $11.61 | $11.28 | 3.0% | 19.0% |
| 1990 | 29,885 | $11.79 | 0.6% | $11.99 | $11.74 | 2.1% | 18.8% |
| 1991 | 28,321 | $12.32 | 0.8% | $12.36 | $12.31 | 0.4% | 17.7% |
| 1992 | 27,247 | $12.60 | 1.0% | $12.84 | $12.54 | 2.4% | 19.6% |
| 1993 | 25,995 | $12.91 | 1.0% | $13.25 | $12.83 | 3.3% | 20.8% |
| 1994 | 29,848 | $13.46 | 1.4% | $13.97 | $13.35 | 4.7% | 24.1% |
| 1995 | 29,331 | $13.87 | 1.6% | $14.28 | $13.79 | 3.6% | 22.7% |
| 1996 | 19,921 | $14.39 | 1.7% | $14.82 | $14.30 | 3.6% | 21.6% |
| 1997 | 20,118 | $14.84 | 2.0% | $15.61 | $14.69 | 6.2% | 23.1% |
| 1998 | 19,510 | $15.36 | 0.6% | $15.61 | $15.32 | 1.9% | 21.2% |
| 1999 | 18,014 | $16.14 | 0.6% | $16.63 | $16.06 | 3.6% | 22.8% |
| 2000 | 17,172 | $16.93 | 0.9% | $16.92 | $16.93 | -0.1% | 20.1% |
| 2001 | 17,115 | $18.03 | 1.0% | $17.59 | $18.10 | -2.8% | 19.4% |
| 2002 | 17,538 | $18.53 | 1.0% | $18.34 | $18.56 | -1.2% | 21.1% |
| 2003 | 15,648 | $18.99 | 1.1% | $18.94 | $19.00 | -0.3% | 20.5% |
| 2004 | 15,148 | $19.50 | 1.3% | $18.73 | $19.61 | -4.5% | 19.1% |
| 2005 | 14,982 | $20.20 | 1.6% | $19.87 | $20.24 | -1.9% | 21.1% |
| 2006 | 14,566 | $20.80 | 1.7% | $20.35 | $20.86 | -2.5% | 19.6% |
| 2007 | 14,387 | $21.42 | 2.0% | $20.81 | $21.50 | -3.2% | 18.0% |
| 2008 | 14,148 | $22.75 | 2.7% | $21.34 | $22.93 | -7.0% | 19.0% |
| 2009 | 12,880 | $23.47 | 2.7% | $21.47 | $23.73 | -9.5% | 14.1% |
| 2010 | 11,885 | $23.53 | 2.9% | $22.34 | $23.68 | -5.7% | 19.5% |
| 2011 | 11,772 | $23.92 | 3.1% | $22.89 | $24.05 | -4.8% | 23.2% |
| 2012 | 12,161 | $24.55 | 3.5% | $23.73 | $24.64 | -3.7% | 21.3% |
| 2013 | 11,826 | $25.32 | 4.0% | $23.11 | $25.58 | -9.7% | 18.2% |
| 2014 | 11,635 | $25.40 | 3.8% | $24.50 | $25.50 | -3.9% | 21.0% |
| 2015 | 10,868 | $26.51 | 4.2% | $24.62 | $26.72 | -7.9% | 16.9% |
| 2016 | 11,060 | $27.73 | 5.1% | $25.36 | $27.97 | -9.3% | 19.6% |
| 2017 | 10,869 | $28.45 | 5.6% | $26.51 | $28.64 | -7.5% | 20.9% |
| 2018 | 10,424 | $29.76 | 5.7% | $27.44 | $30.01 | -8.6% | 22.1% |
| 2019 | 10,246 | $30.53 | 6.1% | $27.26 | $30.85 | -11.6% | 15.6% |
| 2020 | 8,865 | $33.47 | 7.7% | $29.45 | $33.84 | -13.0% | 13.9% |
| 2021 | 8,757 | $35.40 | 8.3% | $29.20 | $35.93 | -18.7% | 13.5% |
| 2022 | 8,692 | $37.64 | 9.5% | $31.51 | $38.19 | -17.5% | 18.5% |
| 2023 | 8,595 | $38.80 | 6.4% | $31.42 | $39.46 | -20.4% | 12.0% |
| Copyright 2024 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. The use of this data requires citation. | |||||||