| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Hispanic Male Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 1,101 | $3.54 | 0.0% | $4.13 | $3.21 | 28.6% | 23.2% |
| 1974 | 1,141 | $3.99 | 0.0% | $4.75 | $3.64 | 30.5% | 22.9% |
| 1975 | 1,079 | $4.21 | 0.0% | $4.97 | $3.89 | 27.8% | 22.2% |
| 1976 | 1,022 | $4.54 | 0.0% | $5.28 | $4.22 | 25.1% | 24.2% |
| 1977 | 1,333 | $4.95 | 0.0% | $6.03 | $4.44 | 35.7% | 24.3% |
| 1978 | 1,305 | $5.11 | 0.0% | $6.02 | $4.66 | 29.3% | 20.3% |
| 1979 | 1,307 | $5.75 | 0.0% | $6.78 | $5.36 | 26.4% | 18.8% |
| 1980 | 1,629 | $6.33 | 0.4% | $7.28 | $5.88 | 24.0% | 17.8% |
| 1981 | 406 | $6.66 | 0.6% | $8.65 | $6.20 | 39.5% | 21.3% |
| 1983 | 4,532 | $7.27 | 0.9% | $9.25 | $6.87 | 34.6% | 26.8% |
| 1984 | 4,727 | $7.54 | 1.0% | $9.75 | $7.10 | 37.2% | 29.2% |
| 1985 | 4,876 | $7.76 | 1.0% | $10.16 | $7.35 | 38.2% | 31.1% |
| 1986 | 4,953 | $8.07 | 1.3% | $10.54 | $7.65 | 37.7% | 26.8% |
| 1987 | 4,922 | $8.10 | 1.3% | $10.85 | $7.75 | 40.0% | 28.8% |
| 1988 | 4,497 | $8.36 | 1.8% | $11.27 | $8.06 | 39.9% | 24.7% |
| 1989 | 4,931 | $8.80 | 0.4% | $11.66 | $8.39 | 38.9% | 26.4% |
| 1990 | 6,223 | $9.02 | 0.4% | $12.07 | $8.62 | 40.0% | 26.0% |
| 1991 | 6,156 | $9.15 | 0.3% | $12.48 | $8.71 | 43.4% | 27.5% |
| 1992 | 6,050 | $9.40 | 0.2% | $12.98 | $8.95 | 45.1% | 28.9% |
| 1993 | 5,833 | $9.63 | 0.3% | $13.30 | $9.21 | 44.5% | 31.3% |
| 1994 | 6,809 | $10.06 | 0.5% | $13.73 | $9.39 | 46.2% | 30.7% |
| 1995 | 7,058 | $10.30 | 0.6% | $14.18 | $9.67 | 46.7% | 32.2% |
| 1996 | 5,528 | $10.15 | 0.6% | $14.00 | $9.96 | 40.5% | 28.0% |
| 1997 | 5,924 | $10.66 | 0.6% | $14.88 | $10.34 | 43.8% | 34.0% |
| 1998 | 6,106 | $11.15 | 0.2% | $15.58 | $11.00 | 41.7% | 30.9% |
| 1999 | 6,230 | $11.77 | 0.3% | $16.11 | $11.51 | 39.9% | 32.0% |
| 2000 | 6,844 | $12.23 | 0.4% | $16.76 | $12.00 | 39.6% | 32.8% |
| 2001 | 6,882 | $12.62 | 0.2% | $16.93 | $12.56 | 34.8% | 24.9% |
| 2002 | 7,274 | $13.07 | 0.4% | $17.96 | $13.04 | 37.7% | 29.7% |
| 2003 | 7,310 | $13.36 | 0.4% | $18.58 | $13.23 | 40.4% | 35.0% |
| 2004 | 7,386 | $13.69 | 0.5% | $18.84 | $13.71 | 37.3% | 27.9% |
| 2005 | 7,720 | $14.00 | 0.5% | $19.11 | $14.06 | 35.9% | 30.8% |
| 2006 | 8,156 | $14.39 | 0.4% | $19.93 | $14.54 | 37.1% | 28.9% |
| 2007 | 8,237 | $15.21 | 0.7% | $21.25 | $15.33 | 38.6% | 31.8% |
| 2008 | 7,958 | $16.12 | 0.9% | $21.65 | $16.30 | 32.9% | 30.6% |
| 2009 | 7,600 | $16.31 | 0.9% | $22.67 | $16.52 | 37.2% | 29.8% |
| 2010 | 7,591 | $16.65 | 1.3% | $22.48 | $16.70 | 34.6% | 31.6% |
| 2011 | 7,352 | $16.31 | 0.9% | $22.47 | $16.69 | 34.6% | 33.9% |
| 2012 | 7,591 | $16.87 | 0.9% | $23.60 | $17.02 | 38.7% | 33.4% |
| 2013 | 7,723 | $17.33 | 1.2% | $24.27 | $17.47 | 38.9% | 34.2% |
| 2014 | 7,349 | $17.51 | 1.2% | $23.91 | $17.77 | 34.5% | 32.9% |
| 2015 | 6,872 | $18.29 | 1.4% | $25.00 | $18.66 | 34.0% | 33.3% |
| 2016 | 7,398 | $19.29 | 1.7% | $25.78 | $19.51 | 32.1% | 32.7% |
| 2017 | 7,109 | $19.93 | 1.6% | $26.71 | $20.08 | 33.0% | 37.0% |
| 2018 | 6,814 | $21.06 | 2.0% | $27.77 | $21.19 | 31.1% | 28.8% |
| 2019 | 6,897 | $22.11 | 2.3% | $29.03 | $22.09 | 31.4% | 25.0% |
| 2020 | 5,851 | $24.05 | 2.8% | $29.52 | $24.28 | 21.6% | 26.6% |
| 2021 | 6,242 | $24.93 | 3.1% | $30.14 | $25.16 | 19.8% | 16.7% |
| 2022 | 6,435 | $27.12 | 3.9% | $32.26 | $27.23 | 18.5% | 21.2% |
| 2023 | 6,584 | $27.49 | 2.5% | $33.12 | $28.13 | 17.8% | 22.1% |
| 2024 | 7,041 | $29.12 | 0.5% | $35.03 | $29.73 | 17.8% | 23.4% |
| Beginning in April 2023, the CPS gradually phased in dynamic topcoding that assigned anyone | |||||||
| in the top 3% of the weekly earnings distribution a value that matches the average within the | |||||||
| top 3 percent. The estimate of the percent at the cap excludes those who are assigned a | |||||||
| dynamic top code. By the end of 2024, no earnings are capped at $2885. | |||||||
| Copyright 2025 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. | |||||||