| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Hispanic Female Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 638 | $2.63 | 0.2% | $3.21 | $2.46 | 30.5% | 21.5% |
| 1974 | 677 | $2.97 | 0.0% | $3.56 | $2.82 | 26.3% | 17.2% |
| 1975 | 680 | $3.18 | 0.0% | $3.72 | $3.06 | 21.8% | 11.4% |
| 1976 | 688 | $3.47 | 0.0% | $3.99 | $3.36 | 18.6% | 15.4% |
| 1977 | 838 | $3.62 | 0.0% | $4.23 | $3.48 | 21.6% | 16.5% |
| 1978 | 858 | $3.78 | 0.0% | $4.69 | $3.61 | 29.9% | 21.1% |
| 1979 | 801 | $4.35 | 0.0% | $4.88 | $4.22 | 15.6% | 14.1% |
| 1980 | 1,077 | $4.90 | 0.0% | $5.54 | $4.74 | 16.9% | 11.3% |
| 1981 | 265 | $5.09 | 0.0% | $6.30 | $5.04 | 25.2% | 20.3% |
| 1983 | 3,272 | $5.68 | 0.1% | $7.02 | $5.49 | 27.7% | 20.2% |
| 1984 | 3,450 | $5.87 | 0.1% | $7.67 | $5.62 | 36.3% | 24.7% |
| 1985 | 3,458 | $6.22 | 0.3% | $7.87 | $6.01 | 30.9% | 19.0% |
| 1986 | 3,609 | $6.47 | 0.3% | $8.40 | $6.19 | 35.7% | 22.2% |
| 1987 | 3,653 | $6.71 | 0.4% | $8.92 | $6.46 | 38.2% | 20.4% |
| 1988 | 3,416 | $6.91 | 0.4% | $8.90 | $6.71 | 32.7% | 17.2% |
| 1989 | 3,572 | $7.35 | 0.0% | $10.08 | $7.00 | 43.9% | 25.3% |
| 1990 | 4,534 | $7.62 | 0.0% | $10.16 | $7.39 | 37.4% | 23.1% |
| 1991 | 4,542 | $8.04 | 0.1% | $10.43 | $7.77 | 34.3% | 20.8% |
| 1992 | 4,423 | $8.38 | 0.1% | $11.40 | $8.09 | 40.9% | 22.6% |
| 1993 | 4,428 | $8.60 | 0.2% | $11.41 | $8.33 | 37.1% | 20.8% |
| 1994 | 5,172 | $8.86 | 0.3% | $11.38 | $8.51 | 33.7% | 19.6% |
| 1995 | 5,338 | $8.83 | 0.2% | $12.02 | $8.40 | 43.1% | 24.6% |
| 1996 | 4,150 | $9.22 | 0.3% | $12.83 | $8.87 | 44.6% | 27.8% |
| 1997 | 4,593 | $9.17 | 0.2% | $12.09 | $9.09 | 32.9% | 18.4% |
| 1998 | 4,686 | $9.68 | 0.1% | $12.77 | $9.56 | 33.5% | 16.4% |
| 1999 | 4,711 | $10.08 | 0.0% | $13.25 | $9.88 | 34.1% | 23.8% |
| 2000 | 5,131 | $10.46 | 0.1% | $14.11 | $10.35 | 36.3% | 24.5% |
| 2001 | 5,106 | $11.00 | 0.0% | $14.50 | $10.94 | 32.5% | 19.3% |
| 2002 | 5,477 | $11.35 | 0.2% | $15.40 | $11.19 | 37.6% | 23.2% |
| 2003 | 5,527 | $11.57 | 0.1% | $15.77 | $11.60 | 36.0% | 23.1% |
| 2004 | 5,613 | $12.30 | 0.3% | $17.01 | $12.04 | 41.3% | 26.1% |
| 2005 | 5,672 | $12.36 | 0.2% | $16.57 | $12.23 | 35.5% | 14.9% |
| 2006 | 6,087 | $13.00 | 0.4% | $17.27 | $12.85 | 34.4% | 21.4% |
| 2007 | 6,297 | $13.68 | 0.3% | $18.58 | $13.46 | 38.0% | 22.9% |
| 2008 | 6,125 | $14.31 | 0.4% | $19.04 | $14.11 | 35.0% | 18.1% |
| 2009 | 6,267 | $14.57 | 0.5% | $19.11 | $14.49 | 31.9% | 19.9% |
| 2010 | 6,323 | $14.38 | 0.4% | $19.91 | $14.36 | 38.7% | 18.4% |
| 2011 | 6,251 | $14.70 | 0.5% | $21.07 | $14.66 | 43.8% | 19.4% |
| 2012 | 6,351 | $14.78 | 0.6% | $21.71 | $14.69 | 47.8% | 24.3% |
| 2013 | 6,206 | $15.03 | 0.5% | $20.93 | $15.12 | 38.5% | 20.7% |
| 2014 | 5,854 | $15.39 | 0.6% | $21.11 | $15.50 | 36.3% | 20.9% |
| 2015 | 5,806 | $16.00 | 0.7% | $21.59 | $16.22 | 33.1% | 16.7% |
| 2016 | 6,058 | $16.47 | 0.6% | $22.82 | $16.60 | 37.5% | 23.7% |
| 2017 | 5,972 | $16.98 | 0.6% | $23.69 | $16.99 | 39.5% | 22.1% |
| 2018 | 6,007 | $17.66 | 1.1% | $23.54 | $17.78 | 32.4% | 24.6% |
| 2019 | 5,947 | $18.81 | 1.2% | $25.32 | $18.92 | 33.8% | 15.4% |
| 2020 | 5,021 | $20.47 | 1.2% | $26.84 | $20.18 | 33.0% | 15.2% |
| 2021 | 5,277 | $21.28 | 1.5% | $28.80 | $21.23 | 35.6% | 11.5% |
| 2022 | 5,568 | $22.93 | 1.8% | $28.32 | $22.85 | 23.9% | 10.0% |
| 2023 | 5,752 | $24.12 | 1.2% | $29.61 | $24.04 | 23.2% | 10.6% |
| 2024 | 6,146 | $25.19 | 0.3% | $32.77 | $24.81 | 32.1% | 14.9% |
| Beginning in April 2023, the CPS gradually phased in dynamic topcoding that assigned anyone | |||||||
| in the top 3% of the weekly earnings distribution a value that matches the average within the | |||||||
| top 3 percent. The estimate of the percent at the cap excludes those who are assigned a | |||||||
| dynamic top code. By the end of 2024, no earnings are capped at $2885. | |||||||
| Copyright 2025 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. | |||||||