| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Female Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 16,311 | $3.00 | 0.0% | $3.50 | $2.92 | 19.8% | 16.0% |
| 1974 | 15,782 | $3.24 | 0.0% | $3.95 | $3.13 | 26.4% | 18.1% |
| 1975 | 15,979 | $3.54 | 0.0% | $4.40 | $3.40 | 29.6% | 19.2% |
| 1976 | 16,254 | $3.81 | 0.0% | $4.64 | $3.68 | 26.1% | 18.0% |
| 1977 | 20,260 | $4.03 | 0.0% | $5.08 | $3.84 | 32.4% | 19.6% |
| 1978 | 19,660 | $4.31 | 0.0% | $5.47 | $4.09 | 33.7% | 19.3% |
| 1979 | 19,218 | $4.92 | 0.0% | $5.82 | $4.73 | 23.0% | 15.7% |
| 1980 | 24,732 | $5.36 | 0.1% | $6.34 | $5.16 | 22.7% | 15.1% |
| 1981 | 5,774 | $5.51 | 0.1% | $7.03 | $5.25 | 34.0% | 19.4% |
| 1983 | 70,286 | $6.44 | 0.2% | $8.22 | $6.14 | 33.9% | 19.1% |
| 1984 | 71,152 | $6.71 | 0.4% | $8.64 | $6.39 | 35.1% | 20.2% |
| 1985 | 73,120 | $7.06 | 0.6% | $9.09 | $6.75 | 34.6% | 19.6% |
| 1986 | 76,258 | $7.37 | 0.7% | $9.49 | $7.05 | 34.6% | 19.8% |
| 1987 | 75,108 | $7.71 | 0.9% | $10.08 | $7.36 | 36.9% | 20.1% |
| 1988 | 71,367 | $8.10 | 1.1% | $10.61 | $7.73 | 37.3% | 19.4% |
| 1989 | 72,628 | $8.71 | 0.1% | $11.28 | $8.33 | 35.4% | 19.2% |
| 1990 | 76,189 | $9.14 | 0.1% | $11.93 | $8.74 | 36.5% | 18.9% |
| 1991 | 74,346 | $9.62 | 0.2% | $12.43 | $9.22 | 34.8% | 17.4% |
| 1992 | 73,382 | $10.02 | 0.2% | $12.88 | $9.60 | 34.1% | 17.1% |
| 1993 | 71,785 | $10.39 | 0.3% | $13.46 | $9.93 | 35.6% | 17.7% |
| 1994 | 83,020 | $10.84 | 0.4% | $14.06 | $10.36 | 35.7% | 19.1% |
| 1995 | 82,452 | $11.04 | 0.4% | $14.23 | $10.60 | 34.3% | 19.6% |
| 1996 | 58,106 | $11.41 | 0.5% | $15.01 | $10.90 | 37.8% | 19.8% |
| 1997 | 59,287 | $11.82 | 0.6% | $15.54 | $11.32 | 37.4% | 19.4% |
| 1998 | 58,840 | $12.37 | 0.2% | $15.94 | $11.89 | 34.0% | 18.9% |
| 1999 | 56,752 | $12.99 | 0.2% | $16.86 | $12.46 | 35.2% | 18.9% |
| 2000 | 55,570 | $13.61 | 0.3% | $17.16 | $13.12 | 30.7% | 16.0% |
| 2001 | 58,271 | $14.38 | 0.4% | $17.77 | $13.91 | 27.8% | 16.8% |
| 2002 | 63,540 | $14.93 | 0.4% | $18.67 | $14.41 | 29.5% | 16.0% |
| 2003 | 61,122 | $15.38 | 0.4% | $19.16 | $14.86 | 29.0% | 16.0% |
| 2004 | 60,122 | $15.79 | 0.5% | $20.07 | $15.22 | 31.8% | 14.8% |
| 2005 | 61,043 | $16.33 | 0.5% | $20.31 | $15.79 | 28.6% | 13.5% |
| 2006 | 60,670 | $16.90 | 0.7% | $20.91 | $16.36 | 27.8% | 14.6% |
| 2007 | 60,864 | $17.47 | 0.8% | $21.74 | $16.90 | 28.6% | 13.5% |
| 2008 | 60,399 | $18.26 | 0.9% | $22.52 | $17.67 | 27.4% | 14.1% |
| 2009 | 59,433 | $18.57 | 1.0% | $23.10 | $17.94 | 28.7% | 13.2% |
| 2010 | 56,289 | $18.88 | 1.1% | $23.68 | $18.23 | 29.9% | 13.2% |
| 2011 | 54,751 | $19.39 | 1.2% | $24.25 | $18.73 | 29.5% | 13.6% |
| 2012 | 55,018 | $19.60 | 1.4% | $24.49 | $18.99 | 29.0% | 13.1% |
| 2013 | 53,090 | $19.98 | 1.5% | $25.17 | $19.33 | 30.2% | 13.0% |
| 2014 | 52,174 | $20.57 | 1.7% | $25.17 | $19.99 | 25.9% | 12.0% |
| 2015 | 50,138 | $21.28 | 1.9% | $26.10 | $20.65 | 26.3% | 11.7% |
| 2016 | 50,634 | $21.86 | 2.0% | $26.69 | $21.26 | 25.6% | 14.8% |
| 2017 | 50,326 | $22.75 | 2.3% | $27.52 | $22.18 | 24.1% | 11.8% |
| 2018 | 48,611 | $23.66 | 2.7% | $28.02 | $23.14 | 21.1% | 11.5% |
| 2019 | 46,661 | $24.64 | 2.9% | $29.00 | $24.13 | 20.2% | 10.3% |
| 2020 | 41,868 | $26.71 | 3.6% | $30.40 | $26.23 | 15.9% | 8.7% |
| 2021 | 41,103 | $27.99 | 4.1% | $32.16 | $27.49 | 17.0% | 6.5% |
| 2022 | 41,224 | $29.65 | 4.6% | $32.96 | $29.27 | 12.6% | 8.2% |
| 2023 | 40,206 | $31.96 | 3.6% | $35.51 | $31.56 | 12.5% | 7.1% |
| Copyright 2024 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. The use of this data requires citation. | |||||||