| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Construction Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 2,503 | $5.12 | 0.1% | $6.61 | $4.21 | 57.0% | 45.9% |
| 1974 | 2,248 | $5.39 | 0.2% | $6.96 | $4.49 | 55.1% | 45.2% |
| 1975 | 2,051 | $5.66 | 0.4% | $7.41 | $4.70 | 57.6% | 51.1% |
| 1976 | 2,034 | $6.19 | 0.4% | $8.15 | $5.15 | 58.2% | 49.9% |
| 1977 | 2,685 | $6.53 | 0.4% | $8.69 | $5.36 | 62.2% | 48.4% |
| 1978 | 2,655 | $6.75 | 0.3% | $9.07 | $5.62 | 61.4% | 47.2% |
| 1979 | 2,519 | $7.66 | 0.4% | $9.63 | $6.49 | 48.2% | 37.3% |
| 1980 | 3,097 | $8.22 | 0.5% | $10.17 | $7.21 | 41.0% | 37.1% |
| 1981 | 684 | $8.63 | 0.8% | $10.72 | $7.53 | 42.4% | 38.2% |
| 1983 | 7,827 | $9.31 | 1.3% | $12.63 | $8.08 | 56.4% | 48.2% |
| 1984 | 8,085 | $9.48 | 1.7% | $13.14 | $8.28 | 58.8% | 50.3% |
| 1985 | 8,302 | $9.83 | 1.9% | $13.72 | $8.67 | 58.3% | 48.8% |
| 1986 | 8,685 | $10.16 | 1.9% | $14.14 | $8.93 | 58.4% | 43.9% |
| 1987 | 8,532 | $10.50 | 2.5% | $14.42 | $9.44 | 52.8% | 43.0% |
| 1988 | 8,048 | $10.99 | 3.2% | $14.87 | $9.84 | 51.1% | 39.6% |
| 1989 | 8,069 | $11.49 | 0.3% | $15.33 | $10.21 | 50.0% | 41.4% |
| 1990 | 8,250 | $11.92 | 0.4% | $15.61 | $10.84 | 44.0% | 37.9% |
| 1991 | 7,334 | $12.09 | 0.4% | $16.05 | $10.91 | 47.0% | 39.3% |
| 1992 | 7,033 | $12.36 | 0.3% | $16.50 | $11.16 | 47.9% | 37.8% |
| 1993 | 6,932 | $12.61 | 0.4% | $16.52 | $11.43 | 44.5% | 36.6% |
| 1994 | 8,265 | $12.85 | 0.5% | $16.98 | $11.78 | 44.2% | 41.8% |
| 1995 | 8,451 | $13.21 | 0.5% | $17.84 | $12.12 | 47.3% | 44.2% |
| 1996 | 5,987 | $13.79 | 0.6% | $18.03 | $12.64 | 42.6% | 39.9% |
| 1997 | 6,127 | $14.10 | 0.4% | $18.68 | $12.86 | 45.2% | 42.7% |
| 1998 | 6,209 | $14.76 | 0.2% | $19.28 | $13.70 | 40.8% | 38.3% |
| 1999 | 6,098 | $15.35 | 0.2% | $19.15 | $14.06 | 36.2% | 39.0% |
| 2000 | 6,293 | $15.89 | 0.3% | $20.42 | $14.87 | 37.4% | 37.7% |
| 2001 | 6,856 | $16.84 | 0.4% | $21.19 | $15.54 | 36.3% | 38.5% |
| 2002 | 7,294 | $17.10 | 0.6% | $20.97 | $16.03 | 30.8% | 40.9% |
| 2003 | 7,268 | $17.42 | 0.6% | $22.15 | $16.41 | 35.0% | 39.0% |
| 2004 | 7,475 | $17.41 | 0.5% | $22.75 | $16.54 | 37.6% | 39.4% |
| 2005 | 7,851 | $17.64 | 0.7% | $23.44 | $16.90 | 38.7% | 35.7% |
| 2006 | 7,975 | $18.45 | 0.8% | $24.71 | $17.67 | 39.8% | 36.9% |
| 2007 | 8,000 | $19.00 | 0.9% | $25.23 | $18.29 | 38.0% | 39.5% |
| 2008 | 7,135 | $20.53 | 1.2% | $26.57 | $19.76 | 34.5% | 39.2% |
| 2009 | 6,282 | $21.06 | 1.0% | $27.26 | $20.35 | 33.9% | 39.4% |
| 2010 | 5,560 | $21.09 | 1.3% | $27.38 | $20.47 | 33.7% | 38.5% |
| 2011 | 5,450 | $21.44 | 1.5% | $27.32 | $20.88 | 30.9% | 44.5% |
| 2012 | 5,409 | $21.83 | 1.4% | $27.61 | $21.33 | 29.5% | 40.2% |
| 2013 | 5,413 | $21.92 | 1.6% | $27.67 | $21.33 | 29.7% | 39.3% |
| 2014 | 5,590 | $22.38 | 1.8% | $28.85 | $21.36 | 35.1% | 43.6% |
| 2015 | 5,318 | $23.14 | 1.9% | $28.68 | $22.32 | 28.5% | 35.5% |
| 2016 | 5,523 | $23.99 | 2.2% | $30.44 | $23.14 | 31.5% | 46.9% |
| 2017 | 5,599 | $24.82 | 2.3% | $30.70 | $23.91 | 28.4% | 42.9% |
| 2018 | 5,685 | $26.10 | 3.1% | $32.83 | $25.05 | 31.0% | 44.0% |
| 2019 | 5,496 | $27.00 | 3.4% | $33.67 | $25.65 | 31.3% | 43.2% |
| 2020 | 4,902 | $28.91 | 3.7% | $33.20 | $28.08 | 18.2% | 32.6% |
| 2021 | 4,878 | $29.66 | 3.9% | $35.60 | $28.34 | 25.6% | 37.3% |
| 2022 | 4,930 | $31.06 | 4.4% | $36.93 | $30.28 | 22.0% | 34.4% |
| 2023 | 4,886 | $32.54 | 3.0% | $38.20 | $31.45 | 21.4% | 33.0% |
| 2024 | 4,987 | $33.76 | 0.7% | $39.94 | $32.52 | 22.8% | 35.2% |
| Beginning in April 2023, the CPS gradually phased in dynamic topcoding that assigned anyone | |||||||
| in the top 3% of the weekly earnings distribution a value that matches the average within the | |||||||
| top 3 percent. The estimate of the percent at the cap excludes those who are assigned a | |||||||
| dynamic top code. By the end of 2024, no earnings are capped at $2885. | |||||||
| Copyright 2025 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. | |||||||