| Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment: | |||||||
| Black Female Workers | |||||||
| Year | Sample Size | Wage | At Cap | Union Wage | Nonunion Wage | Unadjusted Union Wage Prem. | Adjusted Union Wage Prem. |
| 1973 | 1,720 | $2.79 | 0.0% | $3.55 | $2.62 | 35.6% | 12.1% |
| 1974 | 1,710 | $3.03 | 0.0% | $3.97 | $2.82 | 40.7% | 20.4% |
| 1975 | 1,714 | $3.38 | 0.1% | $4.57 | $3.10 | 47.4% | 18.2% |
| 1976 | 1,711 | $3.65 | 0.0% | $4.67 | $3.39 | 38.0% | 12.9% |
| 1977 | 1,982 | $3.91 | 0.0% | $4.96 | $3.58 | 38.5% | 15.6% |
| 1978 | 1,952 | $4.13 | 0.1% | $5.30 | $3.78 | 40.4% | 16.0% |
| 1979 | 1,980 | $4.68 | 0.0% | $5.52 | $4.35 | 27.0% | 12.6% |
| 1980 | 2,529 | $5.09 | 0.0% | $6.14 | $4.73 | 29.9% | 12.9% |
| 1981 | 585 | $5.34 | 0.0% | $7.02 | $4.87 | 44.2% | 18.2% |
| 1983 | 6,746 | $6.05 | 0.1% | $7.79 | $5.66 | 37.8% | 17.4% |
| 1984 | 6,981 | $6.23 | 0.2% | $8.12 | $5.81 | 39.8% | 20.4% |
| 1985 | 7,433 | $6.62 | 0.4% | $8.61 | $6.18 | 39.3% | 17.9% |
| 1986 | 7,936 | $6.82 | 0.3% | $9.01 | $6.36 | 41.6% | 18.5% |
| 1987 | 7,812 | $7.09 | 0.6% | $9.56 | $6.65 | 43.7% | 20.3% |
| 1988 | 7,399 | $7.45 | 0.8% | $9.97 | $7.02 | 42.1% | 21.6% |
| 1989 | 7,345 | $8.11 | 0.0% | $10.37 | $7.50 | 38.2% | 18.5% |
| 1990 | 7,660 | $8.29 | 0.0% | $11.05 | $7.75 | 42.6% | 19.5% |
| 1991 | 7,314 | $8.77 | 0.1% | $11.53 | $8.28 | 39.2% | 18.7% |
| 1992 | 7,224 | $9.08 | 0.1% | $11.64 | $8.66 | 34.5% | 16.4% |
| 1993 | 6,898 | $9.48 | 0.1% | $12.40 | $8.91 | 39.2% | 17.7% |
| 1994 | 8,950 | $9.85 | 0.3% | $12.71 | $9.21 | 37.9% | 16.6% |
| 1995 | 8,961 | $10.05 | 0.3% | $13.15 | $9.39 | 40.1% | 21.1% |
| 1996 | 5,708 | $10.28 | 0.3% | $13.52 | $9.51 | 42.1% | 23.9% |
| 1997 | 5,893 | $10.45 | 0.2% | $13.66 | $9.82 | 39.2% | 23.2% |
| 1998 | 5,870 | $11.08 | 0.1% | $14.53 | $10.62 | 36.8% | 22.8% |
| 1999 | 5,746 | $11.64 | 0.1% | $15.32 | $10.98 | 39.5% | 23.3% |
| 2000 | 5,576 | $12.17 | 0.1% | $15.63 | $11.61 | 34.6% | 17.3% |
| 2001 | 5,624 | $12.61 | 0.1% | $15.40 | $12.29 | 25.4% | 15.1% |
| 2002 | 5,890 | $13.22 | 0.2% | $16.24 | $12.66 | 28.3% | 19.8% |
| 2003 | 5,440 | $13.79 | 0.2% | $17.44 | $13.21 | 32.0% | 18.7% |
| 2004 | 5,177 | $13.95 | 0.2% | $17.42 | $13.50 | 29.1% | 18.4% |
| 2005 | 5,155 | $14.23 | 0.2% | $17.77 | $13.78 | 29.0% | 15.2% |
| 2006 | 5,517 | $14.96 | 0.4% | $18.84 | $14.41 | 30.7% | 17.2% |
| 2007 | 5,718 | $15.39 | 0.5% | $19.31 | $15.00 | 28.7% | 12.4% |
| 2008 | 5,570 | $15.74 | 0.4% | $19.49 | $15.49 | 25.8% | 18.1% |
| 2009 | 5,438 | $16.19 | 0.7% | $20.06 | $15.82 | 26.8% | 11.1% |
| 2010 | 5,347 | $16.38 | 0.6% | $20.36 | $16.25 | 25.2% | 13.6% |
| 2011 | 5,141 | $16.94 | 0.7% | $22.03 | $16.48 | 33.7% | 15.8% |
| 2012 | 5,297 | $16.80 | 0.7% | $21.48 | $16.55 | 29.8% | 17.5% |
| 2013 | 5,119 | $17.51 | 1.0% | $22.09 | $17.07 | 29.4% | 16.8% |
| 2014 | 5,135 | $17.58 | 0.9% | $23.14 | $17.10 | 35.4% | 16.8% |
| 2015 | 5,262 | $18.25 | 1.2% | $22.49 | $17.61 | 27.7% | 16.0% |
| 2016 | 5,260 | $18.43 | 0.9% | $23.06 | $18.03 | 27.9% | 16.4% |
| 2017 | 5,069 | $19.30 | 1.3% | $23.39 | $18.72 | 25.0% | 14.6% |
| 2018 | 4,849 | $20.39 | 1.9% | $22.98 | $19.92 | 15.3% | 12.3% |
| 2019 | 4,577 | $21.97 | 2.2% | $25.85 | $20.64 | 25.2% | 14.2% |
| 2020 | 4,096 | $23.42 | 2.1% | $26.51 | $22.50 | 17.8% | 8.1% |
| 2021 | 4,128 | $24.08 | 2.4% | $28.43 | $22.81 | 24.6% | 4.7% |
| 2022 | 4,081 | $26.03 | 2.9% | $27.58 | $24.81 | 11.2% | 6.7% |
| 2023 | 3,867 | $27.96 | 2.1% | $31.21 | $26.45 | 18.0% | 12.3% |
| 2024 | 3,915 | $28.40 | 0.5% | $31.43 | $27.26 | 15.3% | 4.1% |
| Beginning in April 2023, the CPS gradually phased in dynamic topcoding that assigned anyone | |||||||
| in the top 3% of the weekly earnings distribution a value that matches the average within the | |||||||
| top 3 percent. The estimate of the percent at the cap excludes those who are assigned a | |||||||
| dynamic top code. By the end of 2024, no earnings are capped at $2885. | |||||||
| Copyright 2025 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. | |||||||